The Crown of Bullets

When Sun Myung Moon died in 2012, there were questions as to what would happen to his Unification Church (UC). The Korean messiah claimant founded the group in 1954 in the aftermath of the Korean War. Moon claimed that the forbidden fruit in Genesis was premarital sex, and as a result, we all have been infected with Satan’s blood lineage. This changed our original nature to “fallen nature.” In order to restore our lineage back to God and bring peace on Earth, Moon claimed that he needed create a True Family. This was Jesus’ original mission, but the people rejected him and he had to go the way of the Cross. Moon said that our fallen lineage could only be restored through arranged marriages at his hand, with his True Family serving as an ideal model for all to follow. These mass marriages between complete strangers remain the most iconic images of the UC. Moon himself died without bringing about the heavenly kingdom he dreamed of, and his “True Family” has been fighting over what’s left of his religious empire.

The main conflict is between Moon’s youngest son, Hyung Jin (Sean) Moon, who claims the successor, and his mother, Hak Ja Han, clings to the throne. This conflict has led to an acrimonious split within the UC, with Han leading the main branch and Sean Moon leading his own church, which he calls the “Sanctuary Church” or the “Rod of Iron Ministries.” His sect has aligned itself with the American far-right, holding wedding services with guns and even attending the 2021 insurrection in support of Donald Trump. Some outsiders may look at antics of Sean and wonder how he came to be so extreme. His father, after all, tried to curate a more loving image of interfaith conferences and peace festivals. If we dig deeper, however, we will find that Sean is just one bad apple from a very rotten tree.

Moon Family Values

It must be reiterated that Moon claimed that his family was embodiment of God’s original ideal, and indeed, the culmination of human history itself, “Accordingly, human history has been a history of restoring true parents. Without restoring true parents, there can be no true children; and without establishing true children, there can be no true family, true tribe, true ethnic people, nation, world or cosmos.” (Moon, 192). As such, the character of Moon and his family must be judged by a very high standard.

Why I Am Not A Moonie

Six reasons why I am no longer a member of the Unification Church

Moon’s children, in particular, were viewed as the true representatives of all mankind. He also taught that since the True Children have to deal with the burden of being the Messiah’s children, they will always be holier than the average member, “no matter what, the True Children are spiritually higher than you because they are heartistically closer to True Parents.” The True Children, then, were above critique, and members were expected to serve them without question, “If you cannot go beyond their heartistic suffering, you had better just be silent and try to do whatever you can to help them.” Jin Sung Park, Moon’s son-in-law, once said that while blessed couples and blessed children (those married by Moon or born to parents who were) may be purer than those of the fallen world, they could not truly free themselves of original sin unless they submitted to Moon’s family, “Blessed children and blessed couples should know that our incredible role and value and privilege is conditional upon realizing our portion of responsibility -- to absolutely obey True Parents and become their sons and daughters by serving the True Family.”

It is questionable, of course, if Moon could call himself a True Husband, let alone True Father. In the early days of the UC, Moon practiced sex rituals known as “pikareum” with his female followers. The belief behind these rituals was that the messiah needed to restore these fallen women’s wombs by having sex with them three times. These restored women would then have sex with other men, restoring them in turn, and so on in a kind of sex relay. These rituals were attested to by four founding members of the UC, as well as Moon’s first wife. Among these dissidents, only one retracted their testimony after the likely threat of a libel lawsuit. Moon’s daughter-in-law, his two sons, and a UC pastor have also attested to Moon’s “providential affairs.” Mother Jones found that he had at least one child out of wedlock. In 2012, UC lecturer William Haines admitted that Moon’s extra-martial sex is covered up because, “It is hard to explain and justify. But we also don’t want other people to think that because Father did it so should they.” We wouldn’t want God’s children to emulate the Messiah, now would we? Even Moon’s own wife, Hak Ja Han, still had to be groomed from the vulnerable age seventeen to be his obedient bride. Moon was 40 when he married her in 1960.

Moon was also too busy promoting how great of a father he was to be an actual father to his children. For Moon, the mission of evangelizing the UC was more important than attending to his own family. He was even proud of being an absent parent, “It is very seldom that I eat a meal with my own children; I usually eat with the Church leaders from all over the world. They are the ones who are sitting right next to me and Mother, eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner; our children are not there.” His children often complained to him about his neglect, “I spend very little time with my own children at East Garden. Virtually all my time is spent with church elders and visitors. Sometimes the children, without understanding my heart, have felt very lonely and asked me, “Daddy, why don’t you spend time with us?”” Hak Ja Han also defended her and her husband’s neglect as a needed sacrifice for their evangelism, “True Parents had to leave the True Children in the care of our elder families and take the lead in advancing the heavenly providence.”

The burden of raising Moon’s children often fell upon the UC members. As Moon’s former daughter-in-law, Nansook Hong, wrote in her 1998 autobiography, their labor was often exploited by the Moon family:

“The True Family treated the staff like indentured servants. The kitchen sisters and the baby sitters slept six to a room in the attic. They were given a small stipend but no real salary. The situation was little better for security guards, gardeners, and handymen who took care of the Moon properties. The Moons’ attitude was that church members were privileged to live in such close proximity to the True Family. In exchange for that honor, they were ordered around by even the smallest of Moons. ‘Bring me this.’ ‘Get me that.’ ‘Pick up my clothes.’ ‘Make my bed.’” (Hong, 100)

Ex-member Lisa Kohn, who was close to the Moon family when they lived in New York, wrote in her memoir that the True Children also had license to do as they pleased to the members, even if that meant physical harm, “What adult would allow children under their charge to throw stones at them, repeatedly, if there wasn’t the fear or certainty that God must have wanted that to happen since the children who threw the stones were without sin?” (Kohn, 53).

For their part, the True Children did not always show gratitude for the members who raised them. For example, Hyun Jin (Preston) Moon reflected that his privileged life was a Shakespearean tragedy because, “We had to be taken care of by a lot of different people, and each of them had his or her own idea of how to treat us. Members couldn’t really understand our situation or our position. All these years, I kept many frustrations inside me that were often overwhelming. And I’m sure all of my brothers and sisters would say the same thing.”

Even when Moon did get around to spending time with his kids, he was not above physically abusing them. Moon has defended beating children: “It is goodness and love to hit children or close friends when they want to go in the wrong direction.” Hong said that during morning prayers she routinely saw Moon slap his own kids to get them to behave (102). Moon’s daughter, In Jin, also told Hong that she was often beaten by her father, but “he insisted that he was hitting her out of love” (101).

Moon also had no problem exploiting his children’s deaths to bolster his own messianic claims. In 1984, Moon’s son Heung Jin died from injuries in a car accident while colliding with a truck on an icy road. The others in the car claimed that he saved their lives by swerving the car to take most of the impact. At his funeral, Moon’s right hand man, Bo Hi Pak, claimed that Heung Jin sacrificed himself to save the True Parents from Satan. Moon later claimed that his son became bigger than Jesus, “Jesus serves my son centering on True Parents' love…” (Moon even referred to the deaths of his children Hye Jin, Hee Jin, and Young Jin as “sacrifices” in the battle against Satan). Many spiritual mediums claiming to channel Heung Jin’s dead soul began to show up, the most infamous being a Zimbabwean known as Cleophas Kundioni. He was known for beating members who violated UC rules. Moon only stopped indulging him when he almost murdered Pak.

Far from being the leaders of humanity, Moon’s children turned out to be a bunch of cruel and spoiled brats. I have yet to hear of a single conflict ended by any of them. By far, the worst of Moon’s offspring was Hyo Jin (Steve) Moon. An alcoholic cocaine addict who physically and sexually abused Hong, his first wife. At one point, Hyo Jin almost beat her to death while pregnant while Jin Sung laughed. Whenever Hong told the “True Parents” about this torture, they usually victim-blamed her for not being an obedient wife. Hyo Jin also gave drunk sermons where he violently threatened members and he even liked to drown members for fun.

Hyo Jin’s cruelty might seem to contradict the claim that Moon’s children are God’s ideal, but to resolve this contradiction, any problems faced by the True Children were often blamed on the members. Then-UC President of America, Tyler Hendricks, claimed that Young Jin Moon’s 1999 suicide was “an offering for our own inadequacies and inability.” Jin Sung blamed the lack of love among the members for Hyo Jin’s untimely death (instead of Hyo Jin’s years of alcohol and drug abuse). Hak Ja Han also lamented that the members failed to properly take care of her own kids: “Blessed families should have protected and educated the True Children.”

Of course, Moon treated those who criticized the True Family as the enemy. Consider how he responded to Hong when she publicly came forward about her abuse from Hyo Jin. Moon initially gave a brief statement, claiming that he agonized over their martial “difficulties” (that’s putting it lightly) and how he supposedly felt “a deep sense of responsibility.” His 1998 speech to members, however, took a more self-pitying and belligerent tone. He acknowledged that Hong’s time in the True Family was miserable, but says that Hong was only bitter because she missed the love of the True Parents. Moon then spends the rest of the speech whinging about he’s the real victim here because of his constant “suffering” for humanity. Hong’s suffering goes unmentioned. In fact, he goes so far as to imply that Hong might die since those who opposed him before have often met such a fate, “80 percent of opposers have perished or subsided.” (For what it’s worth, Hong has outlived Moon). He also added that if we sympathize with such critics “God will judge us.” Moon never mentioned Hong again, not even in his autobiography. Did this represent a “deep sense of responsibility”? I think not.

To recount, in the UC theology, Moon’s children were held up as the human representatives of God’s ideal, their entitled behavior was above criticism, they were waited on hand and foot, they were neglected by both parents, and they were told that their problems were often someone else’s fault. In this environment, it’s little wonder that extremists like Sean Moon sprang about.

The Battle For The Moon Throne

In the old days, Sean promoted himself as the peaceful “Buddhist” of the family. He even met the Dalai Lama in 2007. As hard as it might be to believe now, he did a pretty convincing job of it. I can distinctly recall hearing him speak at a church service. I was very sleepy and could hardly remember what he said, but he had a serene and calming way about him.

Sean wrote a memoir called A Bald Head and a Strawberry about his transformation through Buddhism. In retrospect, a few things stand out about the book. One is that Sean loves his father almost to an unhealthy degree. In the first chapter, “The Attic” he writes lovingly about how Moon berated his children in public and threatened to kick them out of the house when he got angry. When we see Sean, we see a man who wants to emulate his father as he understood him. Keep this in mind.

In contrast, his mother is hardly mentioned, though there is a brief passage where she asks him to buy her an expensive Buddha necklace and starts showing it off. It appears that his mommy issues were present from very early on. Sean also admits in the book that “I get frustrated, angry, hateful, resentful, etc. I tell people that I am the biggest hypocrite.” Sean did not overcome these feelings as successfully as he might have believed, and upon his father’s death, they bubbled back to the surface.

Well before Moon’s passing in 2012, his family members took advantage of his old age to position themselves before the throne, each trying to reinterpret his teachings in their own way. Those who have fought for this inheritance were Moon’s daughter In Jin (Tatiana) Moon, his sons Hyun Jin (Preston) Moon and Hyun Jin (Sean) Moon, and his widow Hak Ja Han.

In Jin was a quasi-reformer who put a more friendly and human face on an outdated theology. In Jin was selected to head the US branch in 2008 where she de-emphasized the masochistic obsession with suffering, guilt, and self-abnegation. She re-branded the UC as Lovin’ Life Ministries and held megachurch-style broadcasts with rock concerts. Instead of giving up your passions for Moon, the second-generation were encouraged to follow their dreams as a means to glorify him. She also loosened the rules on marriage, as Mariah Blake wrote for the New Republic, “Rather than adhering to the church line on arranged marriage, for example, she encouraged young people to play a role in choosing their own spouses.” I’m old enough to remember the positive mood shift in the UC after In Jin. Granted, the fundamental doctrine didn’t change. Dating and sex before marriage were still forbidden and young members were still expected to fundraise on little sleep and low pay. Even so, it was a great time to be a Moonie. You felt like we were really going to bring peace on Earth.

It later came out in 2012, not long after Moon’s death, that In Jin had had at least two romantic affairs, one child out of wedlock, and that the UC leadership covered it up. Hak Ja Han later fired In Jin, and her chances of inheriting the throne vanished. In Jin was unhappy with her arranged marriage to Jin Sung, referring to it in a leaked 2013 call as “institutional rape.” While I do sympathize with what In Jin has suffered, I find it sad that she failed to extend that same sympathy towards her sister-in-law, Nansook Hong. In Hong’s 1998 memoir, she recalled that In Jin mocked her for seeking a restraining order against her abusive husband and even accused her of exaggerating the threats (Hong, 214). Lest you think that In Jin had changed since then, in that same leaked call, she said that Hong “knew full well” what her brother was capable of, implying that Hong somehow provoked the abuse. (Hong and Hyo Jin were both forcibly married as fifteen year old children).

Hyun Jin (Preston)’s sect started fighting well before Moon even passed. UC historian Michael L. Mickler notes in The Unification Church Movement that Hyun Jin saw the UC less as a religion and more as a peace movement. As leader of the UPF (Universal Peace Foundation) and the GPF (Global Peace Foundation) he downplayed theology and led a number of expensive peace festivals and conferences without his father’s permission. This upset many members (Mickler, 53). Moon decided to temper his son’s ambition by appointing by Hyun Jin’s younger brother Sean to the presidency of the international UC and putting Korean elders on the UPF board in 2008. Mickler adds that Hyun Jin tried to take control of the UPF from these elders, which resulted in Moon ordering him to cease all public activities and to live with him for a year. Hyun Jin refused this and was removed from the UPF in 2009 despite meditation efforts (Mickler, 54). Hyun Jin eventually broke away from the UC altogether in 2010 and continues to lead the GPF in his father’s name. Hyun Jin’s claims to the throne are by far the weakest and they reveal a power hungry ego that acted too rashly. Indeed, for all his talk of bringing world peace, there’s video of him physically abusing members.

Sean’s sect claims that he is the successor on the basis that he was appointed president of the international church in 2008, where Moon said that Sean and his wife will “become the pillars of our house in the future.” Sean also attended three coronation ceremonies for the True Parents in 2009 where he and his wife wore special crowns and robes. At one such coronation, Moon placed his hands over Sean and his wife and said, “I confer upon you, as the representatives of all humankind, the blessing of heaven.” Moon even wrote a 2010 declaration where he said “The representative and the inheritor is Moon, Hyung Jin. The others (who say they are inheritors) are the heretic and the destroyer.” Sean’s sect, thus, has a strong claim here, but his mother would not see it that way.

Hak Ja Han, who runs the main branch of the UC, seized the throne not long after her husband’s death. At his funeral, she ended her eulogy by declaring that “I shall inherit True Father’s victorious foundation and stand in the forefront to lead the providence on earth.” She also asserted in another speech that “everything that is carried out in Korea from this day onward will be centered on True Mother.” In 2013, she fired Sean from his position of the USA branch of the UC which caused him much agitation. That same year, Sean and his brother, Kook Jin (Justin) Moon, moved to Newfoundland, Pennsylvania, where they set up the Sanctuary Church.

The split between Sean and his mother became official in 2015 when he wrote his letter, “Breaking The Silence.” According to him, the UC leadership told him to wait until his mother died before asserting his claim to the throne. He also initially saw himself as working to free his mother from the corruption of the UC leadership. He later declared to have stripped her of all authority in order to free her from “exploitation and bondage.” Sean eventually made his hatred of Hak Ja Han clear when he declared her to be the “Whore of Babylon” from Revelations for altering the UC teachings after Moon’s death. Sean and Justin eventually called for the arrest and execution of their mother in 2016.

Sean’s group gained mainstream attention when they performed a mass wedding ceremony in 2018 brandishing unloaded AR-15s (a semi-automatic rifle common in US mass shootings). I’m not against responsible gun ownership, but showing off firearms like they’re divine accessories is disgusting. The ceremony was in particular poor taste given that it occurred only two weeks after the Parkland school shooting that killed 17 people. Sean interprets the AR-15 to represent the “rod of iron” in Revelation, a holy weapon to defend his Kingdom of Heaven. (It actually refers to a shepherd’s rod).

The Crown of Bullets

Sean’s radical right wing positions and fetish for guns put him well within the the tradition of his father. The UC apologist paper, Bitter Winter, once called it “bad journalism” to use Sean’s activities to slander the UC. On the contrary. Sean’s activities are, if anything, a more honest representation of who his father truly was. Beneath all the pronouncements of world peace, true love, and blessed families, the backbone of the UC was always rooted in theocratic fascism. Consider the following.

Sun Myung Moon openly worked with and supported right-wing dictators, militias, and fascists during the Cold War, including South Korean dictator Park Chung Hee, Japanese fascist Ryoichi Sasakawa, Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie, and the Contra terrorists of Nicaragua. He also aligned himself with American bigots like Louis Farrakhan and Jerry Falwell. He founded the Washington Times, which trafficks in science denial, Obama birtherism, and anti-Muslim bigotry. He wanted America to forgive President Nixon for covering up the Watergate burglary. He wanted the US to use the Korean War as a means to conquer Asia. He demonized homosexuals “dung eating dogs.” He said that women’s bodies belonged not to themselves, but to their husbands. He said that AIDS victims should be publicly humiliated. He condemned birth control as a product of the “satanic world.” He declared that separation for church and state was not in God’s will and called for a heavenly totalitarianism. He blamed the Jewish “rejection” of Jesus for the Holocaust. Now, if we look at Sean’s statements and alliances, we’ll find that the apple doesn’t fall very far from the tree.

Sean has fear-mongered about public schoolchildren being indoctrinated into becoming LGBT. He praised Korean dictator Park for rounding up “the communists” (which included Christian dissidents like Kim Dae Jung). He believes that PornHub is run by the FBI and the CIA in an effort to turn young men LGBT. He’s burned Pride flags which he claims represent “political satanism.” He’s called Hillary Clinton a “Satanic high priestess.” Referred to the COVID vaccine as a “death jab.” He promotes antisemitic conspiracies that Jews like George Soros and the Rothschild family control U.S. politics. He’s praised sex predator and misogynist Andrew Tate for his rhetoric on “weak males”. He’s attacked feminism for turning women into “sluts”. He repeatedly rants about Satan promoting “free sex” and “pedophilia”. He’s blamed video game addiction and a lack of “physical correction” for school shooters. He believes that women “defile their holiness” if they wear bikinis. Fascism is often as stupid as it is cruel.

What about Sean’s gun fetish? That comes from Moon, too. Moon started an air rifle factory and a shotgun factory in Korea under the name Tongil in the 1960s and briefly sold air rifles in the US in the 1970s. This gun production went beyond self-defense. In the 1960s and 1970s, Tongil may have sold guns to the yakuza in exchange for their assistance in fighting communism. Tongil has also produced military style weapons like the Vulcan cannon for the Korean military, weapons which may have been used by the dictatorship against Korean dissidents or for its war crimes in Vietnam. Moon failed to properly teach his son Hyo Jin about gun responsibility. Hyo Jin was obsessed with guns, once shooting his middle school classmates with a BB gun, threatening his first wife with his rifles, and even shooting at squirrels for fun. This may have set a bad example for his younger siblings.

It’s also not a coincidence that Moon’s other son, Kook Jin (Justin) Moon, is aligned with his brother Sean. He founded the gun company Kahr Arms in 1995. Kahr Arms has given generous donations to the NRA, a far-right “gun rights” group that blames video games and slasher films for school shootings, has attacked public health research into gun violence, and has made threatening videos against the media. Kook Jin believes that every American should own an AR-15, so his brother’s glorification of the rifle as the “rod of iron” will go well for his business. Not that Kook Jin’s guns are always efficient. In 2011, the NYPD had to stop using the Kahr K-9 semi-automatic pistol because the trigger was too light and led to accidental discharges. On a final note, despite his father’s teachings on chastity, Kook Jin also had a love child while married to his first wife, and often advertises Kahr Arms with images of sexy women. At this point, I wouldn’t be surprised if every “True Child” secretly had sex before marriage or outside of it.

Since Trump’s 2016 election, Sean and Kook Jin have unsurprisingly joined forces with the MAGA cult. In many ways, Trump resembles their father: a narcissistic sex predator with bigoted tendencies and fascistic impulses. In 2016, Eric Trump joined Kook Jin at the opening of a Kahr Arms warehouse. Donald Trump Jr also attended a Kahr Arms event in 2019. In 2020, Sean told his followers that they must be prepared to die for Trump if Biden won the election. Every year since 2018, Sean’s cult holds “Freedom Festivals” to attract the MAGA faithful. Those who have attended over the years include Trump advisor Sebastian Gorka, ICE director Tom Homan, ONA journalist Jack Posobiec, NRA spokesperson Dana Loesch, and Trump advisor Steve Bannon. In 2024, Sean and Kook Jin met with Donald Trump Jr and MAGA FBI appointee Kash Patel in Trump Tower. He also performed a (mediocre) rap live for Trump at Mar-a-Lago that same year.

He and his followers even participated in the 2021 insurrection on January 6th. The UC apologist paper, Bitter Winter, downplayed the severity of Sean’s presence at the insurrection, “being near the Capitol on ‘the day of the insurrection’ and participating in the attack are two different things, and as far as we know no member of Sean Moon’s group has been accused of any crime in connection with the protest.” Whether or not Sean violated the law is beside the point. Sean lent his support to an anti-democratic coup to overturn a free and fair election. That was a betrayal of the Constitution and most worthy of condemnation. Bitter Winter also neglected to mention that Sean told his followers to be willing to die for Trump or that one of his followers attacked Capitol police officers.

Curiously, Sean himself doesn’t seem to mind that Trump praised his mother (“The Whore of Babylon”) at a UC event. Nor does Hak Ja Han seem to mind that a speaker at her “Rally of Hope” has been indulging the hatred of her son. Trump is likely too stupid or too apathetic to notice that these two factions are feuding. It is a circular chain of shameless opportunism. Sean and Hak Ja Han want Trump’s political legitimacy and Trump wants the Moon family’s religious legitimacy. All three end up looking like frauds.

Many of you might be wondering if they’ll ever be a “Waco” or “Jonestown” moment with the Rod of Iron Ministries. A point at which the cult ends in violent self-destruction. I don’t know. The rhetoric, though, is certainly hateful and violent. If Trump refuses to leave office again and stages another coup, I expect that Sean will take the call. When Hak Ja Han dies, I wouldn’t be surprised if Sean’s sect tries to violently take control of what’s left of the UC. Sean has also been training a Peace Police Peace Militia, and he might mobilize them for such a circumstance.

In a way, though, waiting for a “Jonestown” as a sign of a group’s evil is a distraction. It makes people overlook all the other terrible things they do which can more easily go under the radar. (The average person knows more about Scientology’s Xenu than they do about their prison camp.) The same excuse of “they haven’t committed mass murder or suicide yet” has been used to exonerate the UC, which usually ignores the UC’s own history of supporting right wing atrocities during the Cold War. Let’s not wait for a “Waco” moment. Let’s stand up to Sean’s hate group while we still can.

A True Family?

Moon often used the fact that Christianity was divided into denominations as evidence of its decline: “The 400 denominations within Christianity are all divided among themselves about what the proper direction is and most of the rest of mankind has become numb and senseless.” Moon’s religion, by contrast, sought to unify all of Christianity together, to be “a church without a denomination.” Of course, Christians were more united than Moon let on, given that the majority of Christian sects believe in the Apostles’ Creed, while Moon’s does not. Due to Moon’s own arrogant insistence of being the Second Coming of Christ, he ended up creating a separate denomination. One which has ironically split into warring factions. If the UC can’t even keep its own founding family unified, how do they expect to unify the world?

The True Family who proclaimed to be the culmination of God’s Providence, turned out to be little more than entitled aristocrats who repeatedly violated the faith and gave little regard to those who suffered from their actions. The True Parents took more disciplinary measures against Hyun Jin and Sean for trying to seize power, than they did against Hyo Jin for violently abusing his wife. They are a family rooted in “true love” who solve their problems with lawsuits instead of dialogue. Sean has unraveled the myth that his father built up.

In the end, though, I do feel bad for Moon’s children. We owe them our sympathy. They were as much victims of his narcissism as any other member. They did not ask for this. The pressure of being a “True Child” must’ve been rough for any kid. They were neglected, abused, and ultimately exploited by their father for his own ego. That’s a hard life, and I can’t imagine how it distorted their sense of right and wrong. I was raised by Moonies, but they seemed to take the faith a lot more seriously than Moon ever did. They taught me morals and decency that the True Children may never truly grasp. These broken sons and daughters still continue to glorify a man and an institution that caused them so much unnecessary suffering. That, my friends, is the real tragedy of the Moon family.

Bibliography

Hong, Nansook. In the Shadow of the Moons: My Life in the Reverend Sun Myung Moon’s Family. United Kingdom: Little, Brown & Company, 1998. 1998. 100, 101, 102, 214.

Kohn, Lisa. To The Moon and Back: A Childhood Under The Influence. Heliotrope Books. 2018. 53.

Mickler, Michael L. The Unification Church Movement. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 2022. 53, 54.

Moon, Sun Myung. True Parents. 192.